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Abstract

This article presents the first comprehensive empirical analysis of India’s Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA), since its establishment in 2020, based on an examination of 165 orders across 118 cases through 2025. The study fills a critical research gap by systematically analysing CCPA’s enforcement patterns, procedural efficiency, and regulatory evolution. The unique dataset reveals that CCPA has fundamentally transformed India’s consumer protection landscape through a distinctive dual approach that combines reactive enforcement with proactive regulation. This study finds that 72 per cent of cases were initiated suo moto, indicating a paradigm shift from complaint-driven to preventive market surveillance and that enforcement activities are concentrated in sectors with high information asymmetries: coaching centres (96 per cent violation rate), health and hygiene products (84 per cent violation rate), and e-commerce platforms (100 per cent violation rate). A temporal analysis done as part of the study reveals significant institutional learning, with the average case duration reducing from 437.12 days in 2022 to 322.79 days in 2024. The study identifies a sophisticated interdependence between enforcement actions and regulatory guidelines, with CCPA progressing from general misleading advertisement standards (2022) to targeted frameworks for dark patterns (2023), greenwashing (2024), sector-specific coaching regulations (2024), and the regulation of walkie talkie sales in e-commerce (2025). This iterative approach demonstrates that adaptive regulation responds well to emerging consumer challenges. However, some challenges in relation to penalty collection and institutional transparency persist. The article concludes that CCPA represents an institutional innovation that effectively combines investigative, enforcement, and rule-making functions to protect collective consumer interests. While improvements in penalty enforcement and transparency are needed, CCPA’s adaptive, evidence-based approach positions it well to address evolving digital market challenges and sophisticated trading practices.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

https://doi.org/10.55496/HWES1866

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